Deep eutectic solvent-based microwave-assisted extraction combined with in-syringe homogenous liquid–liquid microextraction of chloramphenicol and florfenicol from chicken meat

Abstract

A switchable hydrophilicity deep eutectic solvent–based microwave–assisted extraction combined with in-syringe homogenous liquid–liquid microextraction has been developed for the extraction of chloramphenicol and florfenicol in the chicken meat samples. In this process, the analytes were extracted from the sample matrix into a mixture of switchable hydrophilicity deep eutectic solvent and deionized water by exposing to microwave irradiation. In the following, the liquid phase is taken into a glass barrel syringe with an appropriate volume of hydrochloric acid solution. By doing so, the immiscibility of deep eutectic solvent was changed, and consequently, the homogenous solution was broken. As a result, the analytes were extracted into the produced fine droplets of deep eutectic solvent. The extracted analytes were injected into high–performance liquid chromatography equipped with a diode array detector. After optimization of the extraction process, low limits of detection (0.13 and 0.11 ng g−1 for chloramphenicol and florfenicol, respectively) and quantification (0.43 and 0.37 ng g−1 for chloramphenicol and florfenicol, respectively), high extraction recoveries (77 and 81 % for chloramphenicol and florfenicol, respectively), and good precision (relative standard deviations ≤4.8 %) were obtainable using the offered method. According to these results, the offered method can be used as a routine method for the extraction of chloramphenicol and florfenicol from chicken meat samples. In this method, theutilization of switchable hydrophilicity deep eutectic solvents shortens the extraction and separation times. Also, perform homogenous liquid-phase microextraction by pH adjustment. On the other hand, there was no need for centrifugation for the separation of the extractant as it was done in a syringe barrel.