Abstract
Microextraction procedures for the separation of Pb(II) from water and food samples extracts were developed. A deep eutectic solvent composed of α-benzoin oxime and iron(III) chloride dissolved in phenol was applied as a phase separator support. In addition, this deep eutectic mixture worked as an efficient extractor of Pb(II). The developed microextraction process showed a high ability to tolerate the common coexisting ions in the real samples. The optimum conditions for quantitative recoveries of Pb(II) from aqueous extracts were at pH 2.0, conducted by adding 150 µL from the deep eutectic solvent. The quantitative recoveries were obtained with various initial sample volumes up to 30 mL. Limits of detection and limits of quantification of 0.008 and 0.025 µg L−1 were achieved with a relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 2.9, which indicates the accuracy and sensitivity of the developed procedure. Recoveries from the reference materials, including TMDA 64.2, TMDA 53.3, and NCSDC-73349, were 100%, 97%, and 102%, respectively. Real samples, such as tap, lake, and river water, as well as food samples, including salted peanuts, chickpeas, roasted yellow corn, pistachios, and almonds, were successfully applied for Pb(II) analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) after applying the developed deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction procedures.
Highlights
Lead in the environment has increased due to urbanization and industrial development [1,2,3].Lead may contaminate the environment via mining centers, dust movement, industrial byproducts, and exhaust from contaminated gasoline
This work aimed to develop a microextraction process by applying a mixture of deep eutectic solvents, composed of α-benzoin oxime and iron(III) chloride dissolved in phenol, for the attraction and separation of Pb(II) from aqueous samples
Deep eutectic eutectic solvents solvents are are promising promising for for the Deep the attraction attraction of of heavy heavy metals metals from from aqueous aqueous solutions solutions because they are entirely composed of nitrogen and oxygen in their structure, in addition to the the main main because they are entirely composed of nitrogen and oxygen in their structure, in addition to skeleton of organic derived materials including carbon and hydrogen
Summary
Lead in the environment has increased due to urbanization and industrial development [1,2,3]. Lead may contaminate the environment via mining centers, dust movement, industrial byproducts, and exhaust from contaminated gasoline. Accumulation and transference through the food chain leads to a more significant spread into soil, plants, water, and food, making its way into the human body [4,5]. The presence of lead in the human body causes oxidative stress through reactive oxygen species production as well as reducing antioxidant defenses’ ability such as by affecting superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14]
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