Deep Ecology

Abstract

Deep ecology is an environmental movement initiated by the Norwegian philosopher Arne Naess. The foundation of deep ecology is based on the interconnectedness and equal value of all life organisms. Deep ecology differentiates itself from traditional environmental movements by distinguishing between “deep” and “shallow” approaches. It describes itself as “deep” because of its focus on an ecocentrism perspective that takes a nature‐centered as opposed to an anthropocentric “shallow” human‐centered stance. The philosophy of the movement is based on a platform of eight principles that give shape and unity to the movement's vision of what is necessary to protect the well‐being of the Earth. Naess and others such as Fox, Devall, and Sessions have written extensively about the concept of “self‐realization.” The concept addresses the importance of asking deeper questions about human life and that role within the larger context of nature. The deep ecology movement is viewed by some as controversial because of its views surrounding human overpopulation, economic development and conservation approaches that have to do with managing natural resources for human pleasure. In particular, ecofeminists have challenged deep ecologists to recognize the historical connections of domination particularly found in patriarchal and hierarchical structures as well as imperialistic, racist, and classist structures and practices that continue.