Abstract
Recent advances in optical technologies such as multi-photon microscopy and optogenetics have revolutionized our ability to record and manipulate neuronal activity. Combining optical techniques with electrical recordings is of critical importance to connect the large body of neuroscience knowledge obtained from animal models to human studies mainly relying on electrophysiological recordings of brain-scale activity. However, integration of optical modalities with electrical recordings is challenging due to generation of light-induced artifacts. Here we report a transparent graphene microelectrode technology that eliminates light-induced artifacts to enable crosstalk-free integration of 2-photon microscopy, optogenetic stimulation, and cortical recordings in the same in vivo experiment. We achieve fabrication of crack- and residue-free graphene electrode surfaces yielding high optical transmittance for 2-photon imaging down to ~ 1 mm below the cortical surface. Transparent graphene microelectrode technology offers a practical pathway to investigate neuronal activity over multiple spatial scales extending from single neurons to large neuronal populations.
Highlights
Recent advances in optical technologies such as multi-photon microscopy and optogenetics have revolutionized our ability to record and manipulate neuronal activity
Combining optical techniques with electrical recordings can bridge the classical neuroscience knowledge obtained from animal models to human studies based on electrophysiological techniques
We show that transparent graphene electrodes can be employed for crosstalkfree integration of three different modalities, 2-photon imaging, OGs, and electrical recordings of cortical potentials at the same time in the same experiment
Summary
Recent advances in optical technologies such as multi-photon microscopy and optogenetics have revolutionized our ability to record and manipulate neuronal activity. Combining optical techniques with electrical recordings is of critical importance to connect the large body of neuroscience knowledge obtained from animal models to human studies mainly relying on electrophysiological recordings of brain-scale activity. We report a transparent graphene microelectrode technology that eliminates lightinduced artifacts to enable crosstalk-free integration of 2-photon microscopy, optogenetic stimulation, and cortical recordings in the same in vivo experiment. Light-induced artifacts generated by photovoltaic (Becquerel effect) and photothermal effects appear as transients or oscillations in recordings and can interfere with LFP or spike recordings, depending on the frequency and duration of the light stimulus The amplitudes of those artifacts are higher for deep 2photon imaging and OG stimulation[4,5,6,7], due to increased laser power. In cases where depth-resolved electrical recordings are not required, optically transparent graphene technology allows seamless integration with depth-resolved optical imaging and stimulation circumventing the need for inserting invasive probes into brain tissue
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