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Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated that application of a bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) to a banana mono-culture orchard with serious Fusarium wilt disease effectively decreased the number of soil Fusarium sp. and controlled the soil-borne disease. Because bacteria are an abundant and diverse group of soil organisms that responds to soil health, deep 16 S rRNA pyrosequencing was employed to characterize the composition of the bacterial community to investigate how it responded to BIO or the application of other common composts and to explore the potential correlation between bacterial community, BIO application and Fusarium wilt disease suppression. After basal quality control, 137,646 sequences and 9,388 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from the 15 soil samples. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes and Actinobacteria were the most frequent phyla and comprised up to 75.3% of the total sequences. Compared to the other soil samples, BIO-treated soil revealed higher abundances of Gemmatimonadetes and Acidobacteria, while Bacteroidetes were found in lower abundance. Meanwhile, on genus level, higher abundances compared to other treatments were observed for Gemmatimonas and Gp4. Correlation and redundancy analysis showed that the abundance of Gemmatimonas and Sphingomonas and the soil total nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content were higher after BIO application, and they were all positively correlated with disease suppression. Cumulatively, the reduced Fusarium wilt disease incidence that was seen after BIO was applied for 1-year might be attributed to the general suppression based on a shift within the bacteria soil community, including specific enrichment of Gemmatimonas and Sphingomonas.
Highlights
Banana Fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC) and reported to be the most limiting factor in banana production worldwide, has spread quickly in Cavendish-production areas since 1996, and it affects approximately 90% of the banana industry in China [1,2,3]
The aims of this study were to answer the following questions: (1) Does the soil bacteria community that is amended with bio-organic fertilizer (BIO) differ from that exposed to other common composts? (2) Does the Fusarium wilt disease incidence correlate with the bacterial community? (3) Does the disease suppression after BIO application correlate with the physicochemical properties of the soil?
The most abundant phyla of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes were found in all treatments at a relative abundance of approximately 35%, 15% and 10%, respectively, and 9 phyla (Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Nitrospirae, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Verrucomicrobia, TM7, Armatimonadetes and Planctomycetes) were found in all samples at a relative abundance of higher than 1%, but lower than 6%, with some obvious variations
Summary
Banana Fusarium wilt disease, which is caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FOC) and reported to be the most limiting factor in banana production worldwide, has spread quickly in Cavendish-production areas since 1996, and it affects approximately 90% of the banana industry in China [1,2,3]. Determining the responses of soil bacterial communities to different organic amendments is important because the bacterial community is one of the main components that determine soil health and is believed to be one of the main drivers in disease suppression [17]. Despite the known key roles of bacteria in soil health and the significant change in soil bacterial composition and activity after BIO application, information regarding the variation of soil bacterial communities that are affected by different organic amendments is still lacking. Understanding soil microbial community structure shifts following implementation of various organic amendments is an important component when selecting fertilizer types to improve soil function and health
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