Abstract
Many radio-frequency circuits use differential topologies, whereas the instruments to evaluate them are inevitably single ended. Taking into account noise correlations, this work extends Friis' well-known equation for the noise figure of a cascade of two-ports to the case of three-ports, such as baluns, which surround a differential amplifier during measurements. The amplifier gain and noise figure may be accurately de-embedded with single-ended measurements on the cascade and on the baluns. The new formulas are experimentally validated.
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