Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate sleep quality in myopic children and adults. This cross sectional study surveyed 486 participants aged from 10 to 59 years with refractive errors using a questionnaire containing the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Children (< 20 years) in the high myopia group exhibited the poorest PSQI scores (P < 0.01), while the adults showed no such correlations. Subscales of PSQI and HADS in children disclosed that the high myopia groups had the shortest sleep duration (P < 0.01), worst subjective sleep scores (P < 0.001), and latest bedtime (P < 0.05). Regression analyses in children significantly correlated myopic errors with PSQI (P < 0.05), sleep duration (P < 0.01), and bedtime (P < 0.01). Sleep efficacy (P < 0.05) and daytime dysfunction (P < 0.05) were significantly better in contact-lens users compared to the respective non-user groups across all participants. In conclusion, sleep quality in children was significantly correlated with myopic error, with the high myopia group worst affected.
Highlights
The aim of the present study was to evaluate sleep quality in myopic children and adults
Myopia is a serious eye-health problem worldwide that affects Asian populations[1,2,3]. It is often complicated by retinal detachment, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataract, the only systemic associations documented for myopia are higher risks of sleep disorders and depression[4,5,6]
Children in the high myopia group exhibited the poorest Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores (P < 0.01, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test with Bonfferoni correction), and rated more towards far-eveningness (P < 0.05) (Table 2 and Fig. 2)
Summary
The aim of the present study was to evaluate sleep quality in myopic children and adults. Sleep quality in children was significantly correlated with myopic error, with the high myopia group worst affected. Retinal damage and stretch are common pathological features in myopia, presumably causing damage to the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which were shown in animals to modulate ocular growth and myopia progression via photoreception of short wavelength light[21,22] This newly discovered non-visual photoreceptor in the RGC layer[23,24,25] could potentially affect the risk of sleep disorders in myopic subjects with retinal damage such as glaucoma[26,27,28]. Comparative studies of sleep among different age groups might reveal a correlation between refractive error and ocular or systemic health; to the best of our knowledge, no such study www.nature.com/scientificreports/
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