Abstract

BACKGROUND: Reproductive endocrinologists and maternal fetal medicine specialists are often approached by patients with a history of second trimester losses attributed to cervical insufficiency. Cerclages, both vaginal and abdominal, have increased the fetal survival rates to about 80-90%3,4. With cervical insufficiency affecting approximately 1% of all pregnancies5, physicians should be aware of the multiple options surrounding METHODS of cerclage placement.

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