Abstract
A low-serum, high-density lipoproteins–cholesterol (HDL-C) level and high blood pressure (BP) are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease and dementia. In the present study, in order to find putative correlation between low HDL-C and hypertension, 4552 subjects (20–80 years old) were selected from the Korean National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 2017 (KNHANES VII-2, n = 2017 men, n = 2535 women). They were classified into four levels of blood pressure, ranging from BP1 (normal, below 120/80 mmHg for systolic BP (SBP)/diastolic BP (DBP), BP2 (prehypertension, 120/80 to 139/89 mmHg), BP3 (hypertension stage 1, 140/90–159/99 mmHg), and BP4 (hypertension stage 2, higher than 160/100 mmHg). Generally, in the total population, a higher SBP level and age were associated with a lower HDL-C in both genders. However, DBP was not associated with age in men. In the total population, Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that SBP (r = −0.188, p < 0.001) and DBP (r = −0.198, p < 0.001) showed negative correlations with percentage of HDL-C in total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C/TC (%). In both genders, HDL-C gradually decreased with age and HDL-C/TC (%) was more accurate in expressing a correlation with BP. Women showed a more distinct decrease in HDL-C with an elevation of BP and age than men. Both elevation of DBP and SBP were associated with a decrease in HDL-C, around 2.3–2.4 mg/dL, between normal range and hypertension 2 stage. Additionally, DBP was significantly associated with HDL-C/TC (%) (men: r = −0.136, p < 0.001; women: r = −0.152, p < 0.001), while HDL-C did not show a significant association with a change in DBP. In conclusion, SBP was positively correlated with age, but DBP did not change significantly with age. The correlation of BP and HDL-C depending on age showed that SBP gradually increased and HDL-C decreased with an increase in age. The percentage of HDL-C in TC was more significantly associated with a change in SBP and DBP in both genders.
Highlights
Many epidemiological studies revealed that there is a positive correlation between serum cholesterol and blood pressure (BP); hypertensive patients frequently showed higher cholesterol levels than normotensive subjects [1], the putative mechanism of the link is still unknown.It has been well known that hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease [2], development of cognitive decline [3], and Alzheimer’s disease [4]
The aim of this study is to provide statistical evidence for the logical relationships among high-density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL-C/total cholesterol (TC) (%), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) depending on age and gender
HDL-C/TC (%) level, respectively, than women. These results suggest that higher BP and lower
Summary
Many epidemiological studies revealed that there is a positive correlation between serum cholesterol and blood pressure (BP); hypertensive patients frequently showed higher cholesterol levels than normotensive subjects [1], the putative mechanism of the link is still unknown.It has been well known that hypertension is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease [2], development of cognitive decline [3], and Alzheimer’s disease [4]. Public Health 2020, 17, 1101; doi:10.3390/ijerph17031101 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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