Abstract
In this study, stable sodium carboxymethyl cellullose (CMC-Na) coated niosomal vesicles was successfully prepared through an electrostatic deposition method. The interaction of CMC-Na with two types of gemini alkyl O-glucosides based vesicles was thermodynamically characterized by means of isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The thermodynamic parameters suggested that the binding process was entropy driven and energetically favourable, thereby leading to the further stabilization of vesicles suspension. Based on the data from ζ-potential and dynamic light scattering, the concentration of polyelectrolyte required to afford stable secondary niosomes was estimated by applying an empirical model and was found to be in excellent agreement with our experimental results. Vesicles were unstable when polyelectrolyte concentration below or above the optimum range owing to bridging flocculation or depletion flocculation, respectively. The prepared secondary vesicles exhibited significantly improved resistance to pH variation, thermal and osmotic stress compared with bare ones. This study would facilitate application of polyelectrolyte deposition to produce stable secondary niosomal vesicles with better performance, which holds a great promise as nano-carriers for bioactive compounds.
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