Abstract
Contamination of implants is inevitable during different steps of production as well as during the clinical use. We devised a new implant cleaning strategy to restore the bioactivities on dental implant surfaces. We evaluated the efficiency of the Finevo cleaning system, and Ultraviolet and Plasma treatments to decontaminate hydrocarbon-contaminated titanium disks. The surfaces of the contaminated titanium disks cleaned using the Finevo cleaning system were similar to those of the uncontaminated titanium disks in scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, but no obvious change in the roughness was observed in the scanning probe microscopy analysis. The rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) cultured on the treated titanium disks attached to and covered the surfaces of disks cleaned with the Finevo cleaning system. The alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenesis-related gene expression in rBMMSCs on disks cleaned using the Finevo cleaning system were higher compared to those in the ultraviolet and plasma treatments, displaying better cell functionality. Thus, the Finevo cleaning system can enhance the attachment, differentiation, and mineralization of rBMMSCs on treated titanium disk surfaces. This research provides a new strategy for cleaning the surface of contaminated titanium dental implants and for restoration of their biological functions.
Highlights
Owing to its good biocompatibility and mechanical processing properties, titanium has been widely used for dental implants [1]
An examination of the sample surface (Figure 2) revealed that tallow, the red substance on Ti disks, was attached to Tallow-Ti, Plasma-Ti, and UV-Ti. It was evident from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis that Ti and Tallow-Ti surfaces had totally different surface morphologies (Figure 3A,B)
Consistent with the results of previous studies, this study shows that a large number of carbons attached to the surface of Ti can significantly inhibit cell attachment and osteogenic differentiation [11,12,45]
Summary
Owing to its good biocompatibility and mechanical processing properties, titanium has been widely used for dental implants [1]. The etiology of peri-implantitis includes many factors, such as the implant design, poor oral hygiene, degree of roughness, and bacterial contamination of the recipient site [9]. These factors affect the contact between the implant and bone tissue, and it is unable to realize osseointegration [10] wherein there is a direct contact of the fiber-free connective tissue interface layer at the implant–bone interface. Previous studies have shown that carbon deposition on the titanium surface decreases the differentiation of osteoblasts but increases the fibroblasts in the soft tissues [11]. Few studies [19,20] have focused on eliminating the organic substances
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