Abstract
Food and feed contamination by aflatoxins represents a great challenge for human and animal health. Aflatoxins detoxification using probiotic bacteria and yeasts has been introduced as an inexpensive and promising method. This article is organized with an overview of the potential application of probiotic bacteria and yeasts to eliminate, inactivate or reduce the bioavailability of aflatoxins, especially aflatoxin B1, in vitro and in vivo. Also, a fast glance to beneficial health effects and preservative properties of probiotics followed by the mechanism of binding of aflatoxins by probiotics, influence of different probiotic pretreatments, and the stability of aflatoxin-probiotic complexes are mentioned.
Highlights
Contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is a severe problem in all countries; decontamination of mycotoxins from food and feed is essential
Once aflatoxins are ingested by animals, they get adsorbed rapidly in the gastro intestinal tract (GIT), because they have low molecular weight, and appear in blood and milk quickly after 15 minutes and 12 hours of post-feeding, respectively (Martins et al, 2001)
Motawee and El- Ghany (2011) noted that the percentage of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) reduction after 5 h by eight dairy strains of Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in yoghurt was not considerably less than the whole of storage time. These results suggest that the binding of AFB1 by probiotics is a rapid process and the removal does not increase with the incubation time, considerably
Summary
Contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is a severe problem in all countries; decontamination of mycotoxins from food and feed is essential. Haskard et al (2000) investigated the mechanism of binding of L. rhamnosus to aflatoxins They used pronase E and periodate treatments (using periodate causes oxidation of cis OH groups to aldehydes and carbon acid groups) on viable, heat and acid-inactivated probiotic strains and suggested that binding was due to carbohydrate and protein components in cell wall, because a considerable decrease in AFB1 binding was observed. Several researchers have reported the partial reversibility of the process of probiotics binding by probiotics (Peltonen et al, 2001; Hernandez-Mendoza et al, 2009); Haskard et al (2001) studied the stability of 12 LAB-AFB1 complexes in both viable and nonviable forms (heat and acid treated LAB) after five washing steps with water They exhibited that up to 71% of the total AFB1 remained bound and binding of aflatoxins to cell surface is significantly strong. The knowledge of the adsorption dynamics of AFB1 with a probiotic strain will allow predicting its behavior at each stage of the GIT
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