Decomposition of beech leaves ( Fagus sylvatica) and spruce needles ( Picea abies) in pure and mixed stands of beech and spruce

Abstract

The decomposition of spruce needles and beech leaves was investigated in a 30- and 120-yr-old beech, spruce and mixed (beech/spruce) forest using 1 mm mesh litterbags. The mass loss, content of C, N and water and microbial biomass, basal respiration and specific respiration of the litter materials were analyzed after exposure for 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months in the field. Decomposition of both types of litter was faster in beech than in spruce stands and after 24 months loss of C from litter materials was at a maximum in beech stands (>60%) and considerably less in the spruce and mixed stands (ca. 40%). Generally, spruce needles decomposed more rapidly than beech leaves, but the faster decay was not associated with higher N concentrations. Rather, N was accumulated more rapidly in beech leaves. Concomitantly, in beech stands microbial biomass of beech leaves exceeded that of spruce needles indicating that beech leaves consist of more favorable resources for microorganisms than spruce needles. Differences in decomposition between beech leaves and spruce needles were most pronounced in beech stands, intermediate in mixed stands and least pronounced in spruce stands. Decomposition, N content and microbial biomass in litter materials exposed in the 120-yr-old stand consistently exceeded that in the 30-yr-old stand indicating adverse conditions for litter decay in regrowing stands. Generally, mixed stands ranked intermediate between spruce and beech monocultures for most of the variables measured indicating that the adverse conditions for litter decay and microorganisms in spruce forest are effectively counteracted by admixture of beech to spruce monocultures. It is concluded that the accumulation of litter materials in spruce forests is not due to the recalcitrance of spruce needles to decay. Rather, adverse environmental conditions such as high polyphenol contents in the litter layer of spruce stands retard decomposition processes; spruce needles appear to be more sensitive to this retardation than beech leaves.