Abstract
To find out ability of fourteen basidiomycetes and four ascomycetes strains to grow in the presence of synthetic colour dyes and to degrade them, fungi were cultivated on the malt agar plates containing 0.5 g kg-1 dye, either Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Remazol Brilliant Yellow GL, Remazol Brilliant Orange 3 R, Reactive Blue 4, Remazol Brilliant Red F3B or Reactive Black 5. Fungi representing basidiomycetes were Phlebia radiata (FBCC 43), Tremella encephala (FBCC 1145), Dichomitus squalens (FBCC 312), Physisporinus rivulosus (syn. Obba rivulosa, FBCC 939), Cerrena unicolor (FBCC 387), Pleurotus abieticola (FBCC 517), Phanerochaete velutina (FBCC 941), Agrocybe praecox (FBCC 476), Trametes pubescens (FBCC 735), Pleurotus ostreatus (FBCC 498), Fomitopsis pinicola (FBCC 18), Postia placenta (= syn. Rhodonia placenta, FBCC 112), Gloeophyllum trabeum (FBCC 328) and Piptoporus betulinus (FBCC 1191). Ascomycetes belonged to genera Alternaria (HAMBI 3289), Epicoccum (HAMBI 3291), Fusarium (HAMBI 3292) or Chaetomium (HAMBI 3291). The growth rate of P. rivulosus belonged to three highest among the 14 tested basidiomycetes with five dyes, but not in the case of Remazol Brilliant Red F3B containing plates. The growth rate of A. praecox belonged to three lowest among the 14 tested basidiomycetes on Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Remazol Brilliant Yellow GL, Remazol Brilliant Red F3B, Reactive Black 5 and malt agar. The growth rate of Chaetomium sp. was the highest among the four ascomycetes on all tested plates. Decolorization was seen with 7 basidiomycetous strains on Remazol Brilliant Blue R, with 7 basidiomycetes on Remazol Brilliant Orange 3 R, with 8 basidiomycetes on Reactive Blue 4 and 11 basidiomycetes on Reactive Black 5 containing plates. T. encephala did not decolorize any of the tested six dyes. Epicoccum sp. and Chaetomium sp. decolorized Reactive Black 5 dye containing plates. None of the fourteen basidiomycetous or four ascomycetes were able to degrade all the tested six dyes.
Highlights
Synthetic dyes are widely used in mass production of textiles, food and paper (Pandey et al, 2007)
The growth rates of 14 basidiomycetes were tested with Remazol Brilliant Blue R, Remazol Brilliant Yellow GL, Remazol Brilliant Orange 3 R, Reactive Blue 4, Remazol Brilliant Red F3B, Reactive Black 5 and ABTS and without added synthetic dyes on malt agar plates (Fig. 1)
Namely P. radiata, T. encephala, D. squalens, P. rivulosus, C. unicolor, P. abieticola, P. velutina, A. praecox, T. pubescens, P. ostreatus, F. pinicola, P. placenta, G. trabeum and P. betulinus grew in the presence of all the six selected synthetic dyes and ABTS in the plates
Summary
Synthetic dyes are widely used in mass production of textiles, food and paper (Pandey et al, 2007). The synthetic dyes have complex chemical structures, which make them persistent against light, water and microbial attack (Saratale et al, 2011). This persistence makes them harmful in the environment. Considerable amounts of synthetic dyes have been released from industrial production and discarded products to the environment. Ligninolytic basidiomycetous fungi produce different combinations of extracellular oxidoreductive enzymes (laccases, manganese peroxidases, versatile peroxidases and lignin peroxidases), which can degrade natural biopolymers such as lignin and degrade recalcitrant xenobiotic synthetic compounds (Hatakka, 1994; Hatakka and Hammel, 2010).
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