Decision making for patients with multiple brain metastases: radiosurgery, radiotherapy, or resection?

Abstract

Multiple brain metastases are a common health problem, frequently found in patients with cancer. The prognosis, even after treatment with whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT), is poor, with an average expected survival time of less than 6 months. Investigators at numerous centers have evaluated the role of stereotactic radiosurgery in retrospective case series of patients harboring solitary or multiple tumors. Tumor resection is used mainly for patients with large tumors that cause acute neurological syndromes. The authors conducted a randomized trial in which they compared radiosurgery combined with WBRT with WBRT alone. Twenty-seven patients were randomized (14 to recieve WBRT alone and 13 to receive WBRT combined with radiosurgery). The rate of local failure at 1 year was 100% after WBRT alone but only 8% in patients in whom boost radiosurgery was performed. The median time to local failure was 6 months after WBRT alone (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.5-8.5) in comparison to 36 months (95% CI 15.6-57) after WBRT and radiosurgery (p = 0.0005). The median time to the development of any brain failure was improved in the combined modality group (p = 0.002). Survival was shown to be related to the extent of extracranial disease (p = 0.02). Combined WBRT and radiosurgery for the treatment of patients with two to four brain metastases significantly improves control of brain disease. Whole-brain radiation therapy alone does not provide lasting and effective care when treating most patients. Surgical resection remains important for patients with large symptomatic tumors and in whom limited extracranial disease has been demonstrated.