Deciphering the isoform code contained in Vo a‐subunit isoforms of the V‐ATPase

Abstract

V‐ATPases are highly conserved proton pumps that acidify multiple organelles, including lysosomes, endosomes, the late Golgi apparatus, synaptic vesicles, and other regulated secretory granules. Precise tuning of the luminal pH of these organelles is critical for function, but the factors governing organelle pH control are not completely understood. V‐ATPases are multisubunit complexes consisting of a peripheral subcomplex (V1) that contains sites for ATP hydrolysis and an integral membrane subcomplex (Vo) that contains the proton pore. The Vo a‐subunit is the largest subunit. It is comprised of an N‐terminal cytosolic domain and a C‐terminal domain that forms part of the proton pore. Most organisms encode multiple isoforms of the Vo a‐subunit that exhibit organelle‐specific localization. We hypothesize that the N‐terminal (NT) domains of a‐subunit isoforms participate in distinct cellular interactions that are critical for isoform‐specific V‐ATPase localization, activity, and regulation. In yeast cells, there are two organelle‐specific isoforms of the Vo a‐subunit, Vph1 and Stv1. Vph1‐containing V‐ATPases transit through the secretory pathway en route to the lysosome‐like vacuole. Their activity is regulated by reversible disassembly in response to glucose levels, and they require interaction with the yeast RAVE (regulator of acidification of vacuoles and endosomes) for both their initial biosynthetic assembly and for glucose‐dependent reassembly. The Vph1NT domain binds directly to RAVE and is responsible for glucose‐sensitive interactions with the RAVE complex. In addition, the vacuolar lipid PI(3,5)P2 promotes assembly and activity of Vph1‐containing V‐ATPases. Mutations in Vph1NT compromise PI(3,5)P2‐induced activation, suggesting direct binding to lipid. In contrast, Stv1‐containing V‐ATPases assemble and function in the absence of the RAVE complex, and Stv1NT does not bind to RAVE. However, Stv1NT binds to the Golgi‐enriched lipid PI(4)P, and mutations that abolish PI(4)P binding compromise Golgi retention of Stv1‐containing V‐ATPases. The aNT domains of the four human Vo a‐subunit isoforms exhibit differential recognition of phosphoinositide lipids. Some human aNT domains interact with the human homologue of the RAVE complex. These data indicate that NT domains of Vo a‐subunit isoforms encode information for localization and regulation of V‐ATPase activity that help determine organelle pH and protect cells from stress.Support or Funding InformationNIH R01 GM127364 and NIH R01 GM126020