Abstract

AbstractWe sequenced and assembled the genome of Theobroma cacao, an economically important tropical fruit tree crop that is the source of chocolate. The assembly corresponds to 76% of the estimated genome size and contains almost all previously described genes, with 82% of them anchored on the 10 T. cacao chromosomes. Analysis of this sequence information highlighted specific expansion of some gene families during evolution, for example flavonoid-related genes. It also provides a major source of candidate genes for T. cacao disease resistance and quality improvement. Based on the inferred paleohistory of the T. cacao genome, we propose an evolutionary scenario whereby the ten T. cacao chromosomes were shaped from an ancestor through eleven chromosome fusions. The T. cacao genome can be considered as a simple living relic of higher plant evolution.

Highlights

  • Theobroma cacao L., is a diploid tree fruit species (2n = 2x = 20; Davie, 1933) that is endemic to the South American rainforests

  • The assembly corresponds to 76% of the estimated genome size and contains almost all previously described genes, with 82% of them anchored on the 10 T. cacao chromosomes

  • Based on the inferred paleohistory of the T. cacao genome, we propose an evolutionary scenario whereby the ten T. cacao chromosomes were shaped from an ancestor through eleven chromosome fusions

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Summary

Deciphering the genome structure and paleohistory of Theobroma cacao

Xavier Argout*1, Jerome Salse*2, Jean Marc Aury*3, Gaetan Droc[1], Jerome Gouzy[4], Mathilde Allegre[1], Cristian Chaparro[5], Thierry Legavre[1], Mark Guiltinan[6], Siela Maximova[6], Michael Abrouk[2], Florent Murat[2], Olivier Fouet[1], Julie Poulain[3], Manuel Ruiz[1], Yolande Roguet[1], Maguy Rodier-Goud[1], Jose Fernandes Barbosa-Neto[5], Francois Sabot[5], Dave Kudrna[7], Jetty Siva S. Richard McCombie[11], Emmanuel Guiderdoni[1], Francis Quetier[20], Olivier Panaud[5], Patrick Wincker[3], Stephanie Sidibe-Bocs[1], Claire Lanaud[1]

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