Deciphering the Antitussive, Expectorant, and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of ShashamKyeongok-Go and Their Phytochemical Attributes: In Vivo Appraisal in ICR Mice

Jin-Ryul Hu,Sae-Kwang Ku,Chul-Jong Jung,Md Mohibbullah,Seong-Min Ku,Hae-Jeung Lee,Jae-Suk Choi,Dae-Hwa Jung

doi:10.3390/app11031349

Abstract

In this paper, we hypothesized that ShashamKyeongok-go (SKOG) is a mixed preparation of Adenophorae Radix powder (AR) and Kyeongok-go (KOG). SKOG may be served as a novel preventive and/or therapeutic agent for various respiratory diseases. SKOG were orally administered to ICR mice at 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg once a day for 11 days to examine antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The NH4OH exposure-induced allergic acute inflammation with coughing responses was dose-dependently and significantly (p < 0.01) inhibited by pretreatment with SKOG at doses of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg. With these concentrations of SKOG, the thickness of intrapulmonary secondary bronchus mucosa and the number of periodic acid Schiff stain-positive mucous-producing cells were significantly (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) increased, as a result of the increased amount of phenol red secretion. Subsequently, SKOG showed significant (p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory activities as characterized by reducing the effects of xylene-induced increases of ear weight, thickness of total ear and ear dermis, and number of infiltrated inflammatory cells in the ear dermis, in a dose-dependent manner. These results supported that SKOG might have potential therapeutic effects to be used as an antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory agents in the prevention or treatment of chronic bronchitis and asthma.

Highlights

IntroductionA cough is defined as, voluntary or involuntary acts, a forced expulsion behavior to clear the throat, and breathing airways with a concomitant sound
Lobetyolin, lupeol, and syringaldehyde were detected in Adenophorae Radix powder (AR) at 6.99 ± 0.24, 2029.00 ± 1.96, and 0.26 ± 0.03 mg/kg of fresh weight (FW), respectively. 5H2F, acteoside, catalposide, and Rg3 were detected in KOG at 628.26 ± 13.2, 0.33 ± 0.02, 0.41 ± 0.03, and
Syringaldehyde, 5H2F, acteoside, catalposide, and Rg3 were detected in SKOG at 224.52 ± 12.5, 0.14 ± 0.01, 559.50 ± 1.70, 0.31 ± 0.01, 0.33 ± 0.01, and 4.42 ± 0.02 mg/kg (FW), respectively

Summary

Introduction

A cough is defined as, voluntary or involuntary acts, a forced expulsion behavior to clear the throat, and breathing airways with a concomitant sound. It has two characteristic types including non-productive as dry and productive as chesty, which are exhaustive and adversely affect the quality of life [2]. It represents global public health problems which are likely to be enormously higher, more than 339 million people currently suffer from asthma [3]. Compelling evidence suggested that inflammatory processes in airways were implicated in developing the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases [4,5]

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Discussion

Conclusion