Deciphering magma storage and ascent processes of Taranaki, New Zealand, from the complexity of amphibole breakdown textures

Abstract

Lava flows that constitute the current edifice of Taranaki volcano, New Zealand, contain a complex crystal cargo including plagioclase, pyroxene, amphibole, oxides, and rarely olivine. Amphibole textures and mineral chemistry indicate that crystals are pargasites entrained at various depths by ascending magmas. The crystals record a complex growth history within a range of temperature and pressure conditions (c. 950–1010 °C at mid- to deep crustal levels). Most amphiboles show the development of distinct reaction rims where the mineral is in contact with the ambient melt. Texturally, the rims are identified as detached, symplectic, granular or coarse. True rim thicknesses vary little (±20%, 1σ, on average) within individual thin sections but show a large variation between samples from different lava flows, from <5 to >50 μm. Reaction rim formation on Taranaki amphiboles is attributed to degassing during magma ascent as well as small increases in temperature. Associated with the formation of rims, the amphiboles also show two types of volumetric decomposition, identified as irregular and aligned. The former is indicative of slow reaction of amphibole with melt entrapped in fractures and cleavages during decompression-induced degassing, while the other is indicative of heating-induced breakdown of amphibole triggered by uptake into hot magmas prior to the onset of eruption. The combined evidence indicates that despite the complex and variable growth history of the remobilized crystal cargo, such crystals may be useful in constraining volcanic pre- and syn-eruptive processes and, when appropriate experimental data become available, their rates, which may be of the order of days to weeks.