Abstract
Tissue engineered bone solutions aim to overcome the limitations of autologous and allogeneic grafts. Decellularised tissues are produced by washing cellular components from human or animal tissue to produce an immunologically safe and biocompatible scaffold, capable of integration following implantation. A decellularisation procedure utilising low concentration sodium dodecyl sulphate (0.1% w/v) was applied to trabecular bone from human femoral heads (FH) and tibial plateaus (TP). Biological (histology, DNA quantification), biomechanical (compression testing) and structural (μCT) comparisons were made between decellularised and unprocessed cellular tissue. Total DNA levels of decellularised FH and TP bone were below 50 ng·mg-1 dry tissue weight and nuclear material was removed. No differences were found between cellular and decellularised bone, from each anatomical region, for all the biomechanical and structural parameters investigated. Differences were found between cellular FH and TP and between decellularised FH and TP. Decellularised FH had a higher ultimate compressive stress, Young's modulus and 0.2% proof stress than decellularised TP (p = 0.001, 0.002, 0.001, Mann Whitney U test, MWU). The mineral density of cellular and decellularised TP bone was significantly greater than cellular and decellularised FH bone respectively (cellular: p = 0.001, decellularised: p < 0.001, MWU). The bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness of cellular and decellularised FH bone were significantly greater than cellular and decellularised TP bone respectively (cellular: p = 0.001, 0.005; decellularised: p < 0.001, <0.001, MWU). Characterisation of decellularised trabecular bone from different anatomical regions offers the possibility of product stratification, allowing selection of biomechanical properties to match particular anatomical regions undergoing bone graft procedures.
Highlights
Cell nuclei and bone marrow were largely removed from the central regions of decellularised femoral heads (FH) and tibial plateaus (TP) bone pins when compared to cellular tissue; this is shown in the repre sentative images of H&E and DAPI stained histological tissue sections (Figs. 4a & 5 respectively)
Images of histological sections showed that the TP bone had thinner trabeculae and a more open trabecular structure compared to the FH bone (Fig. 4b)
While off axis trabec ular orientation for some groups was not ideal, the same method was applied to all groups allowing comparisons to be made, as the goal of the study was to determine the effects of decellularisation on the bone
Summary
Bone grafts are utilised in a wide range of surgical procedures including joint replacements surgeries; spinal fusions; dental and craniofacial surgeries; treatment of non-union fractures and replace ment of bone stock, lost due to cancers or trauma (Board et al, 2006; Elsalanty and Genecov, 2009; Vaz et al, 2010; Roberts and Rosenbaum, 2012; Kumar et al, 2013; Wee and Thevendran, 2017; Bai et al, 2018). Donor site morbidity is a possible consequence of this approach along with limita tions of the amount of donor bone available and increased surgery times (Roberts and Rosenbaum, 2012; Lomas et al, 2013). Another source of bone is from allografts which, despite tissue screening, still presents a risk of disease transmission and can cause adverse immune responses (Hinsenkamp et al, 2012; Lomas et al, 2013).
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