Deceleration and trapping of a fast supersonic beam of metastable helium atoms with a 44-electrode chip decelerator

Abstract

A surface-electrode decelerator consisting of 44 electrodes has been used to decelerate supersonic beams of helium Rydberg atoms moving with an initial velocity of 1200 m/s. Prior to the deceleration, the helium atoms were excited from the $1s2s{\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}}^{1}{S}_{0}$ metastable state to selected Rydberg-Stark states with a narrow-band tunable UV laser. Complete deceleration could be achieved over a distance of 36 mm and in 60 $\ensuremath{\mu}$s, corresponding to an acceleration of $\ensuremath{-}2.0\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}$ m/s${}^{2}$. After deceleration, the atoms were held in stationary electric traps above the chip surface, reaccelerated off the chip, and detected by pulsed electric-field ionization. The decelerator was also used to generate helium Rydberg-atom beams with a final velocity tunable between 0 and 1200 m/s. Transitions between low- and high-field-seeking Rydberg-Stark states were observed during trap loading and are attributed to adiabatic Landau-Zener dynamics at electric fields exceeding the Inglis-Teller field. By comparing the experimental results with the results of particle-trajectory simulations, the velocity distribution of the decelerated atoms was found to be characterized by temperatures ranging between 50 and 200 mK, depending on the magnitude of the electric dipole moment of the Rydberg-Stark states selected prior to the deceleration.