Abstract
This paper presents a differential evolution (DE)-based multi-loop proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller design for full-car nonlinear, servo-hydraulic suspension systems. The multi-loop PID control stabilises the actuator via forcefeedback and also improves the system performance. Controller gains are computed using manual tuning and through DE optimization to minimise a performance index, which addresses suspension travel, road holding, vehicle handling, ride comfort and power consumption constraints. Simulation results showed superior performance of the DE-optimized PID-controlled active vehicle suspension system (AVSS) over the manually-tuned PID-controlled AVSS and the passive vehicle suspension system (PVSS) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
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