Deaf Poor Readers' Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potentials Suggest Magnocellular System Deficits: Implications for Diagnostic Neuroimaging of Dyslexia in Deaf Individuals

Abstract

Deafness and developmental dyslexia in the same individual may jointly limit the acquisition of reading skills for different underlying reasons. A diagnostic marker for dyslexia in deaf individuals must therefore detect the presence of a neurobiologically based dyslexia but be insensitive to the ordinary developmental influences of deafness on reading skill development. We propose that the functional status of the magnocellular visual system in deaf individuals is potentially such a marker. We present visual evoked potential (VEP) evidence that adult deaf poor readers as a group display magnocellular system deficits not observed in deaf good readers. We recorded pattern-reversal VEPs to high- and low-contrast checkerboard stimuli, which primarily activate the parvocellular and magnocellular pathways, respectively. Principal components analysis of these VEPs produced a time-ordered sequence of three early components that displayed interactions between reading skill and stimulus contrast across multiple scalp recording sites. Deaf poor readers displayed an abnormal absence of contrast-sensitive VEP responses at occipital sites during early visual processing (75 ms poststimulus), whereas deaf good readers showed the expected early contrast-sensitive occipital VEP responses. Over the subsequent 225 ms, the occipital VEP behavior of deaf poor readers closely approximated that of deaf good readers. The VEPs of deaf poor readers were apparently characterized by delayed responses to low-contrast stimuli compared with deaf good readers. Our results provide the first neurobiological evidence that developmental dyslexia exists within the deaf population and is associated with the same underlying magnocellular system deficit that has been observed in hearing dyslexics. Direct neural imaging of the status of the magnocellular visual system in deaf individuals may eventually provide differential diagnosis of developmental dyslexia in the deaf population.