Abstract
The occurrence and infestations of chlorine-resistant invertebrates in drinking water distributions have attracted concerns on water quality in China, making effective deactivation imperative. This study presents a novel strategy for nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) deactivation using peroxymonosulfate (PMS)/UV-C. The results indicated that 100% deactivation efficiency was obtained under optimal conditions. An acidic pH and 0.25 mg/L Fe(II) were beneficial to the PMS/UV-C-triggered deactivation of nematodes. A mechanism study demonstrated that [Formula: see text] was activated by UV-C to produce ·OH and [Formula: see text], which resulted in oxidative stress and stimulated the occurrence of cell apoptosis, leading to nematode deactivation. The results reveal PMS/UV-C as an alternative to chlorination in water treatment plants (WTP) or an emergency application when chlorine-resistant invertebrates breed in a second-supply water tank is a promising strategy for disinfection. This approach possessed the advantages of avoiding the production of chlorine disinfection by-products (DBP) and greater efficacy of nematode deactivation. This work will provide ideas for on-going research efforts into chlorine-resistant invertebrate deactivation and eventually achieve the direct drinking of municipal tap water.
Highlights
Infestations of invertebrates at waterworks and complaints by water users about the presence of invertebrates in tap water are of growing concern
A mechanism study demonstrated that was activated by UV-C to produce · OH and · SO 4, which resulted in oxidative stress and stimulated the occurrence of cell apoptosis, leading to nematode deactivation
The results reveal PMS/UV-C as an alternative to chlorination in water treatment plants (WTP) or an emergency application when chlorine-resistant invertebrates breed in a second-supply water tank, is a promising strategy for disinfection
Summary
Infestations of invertebrates at waterworks and complaints by water users about the presence of invertebrates in tap water are of growing concern (van Lieverloo et al 2012). A survey conducted by almost all water companies in the Netherlands revealed common invertebrates in treated water and in tap water were rotifers and nematodes (van Lieverloo et al 2012). Inactivation of Chironomid larvae with chlorine (Sun et al 2005), chlorine dioxide (Sun 2006, Sun et al 2007) , ozone (Sun 2006) were previously reported. Inactivation of Tubifex by copper (Huang et al 2010) and six common disinfectants including sodium hypochlorite, liquid chlorine, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate composite (Chen et al 2009) were researched before. Compared with chironomid larvae and Tubifex worms, there has been little research on the deactivation of nematodes
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