De- and remyelination in spinal roots during normal perinatal development in the cat: a brief summary of structural observations and a conceptual hypothesis.

Abstract

We have studied the perinatal development of large myelinated axons (adult D > 10 microm) in cat ventral and dorsal lumbosacral spinal roots using autoradiography and electron microscopy (serial section analysis). These axons acquire their first myelin sheaths 2-3 weeks before birth and show nearly mature functional properties first at a diameter of 4-5 microm, i.e. 3-4 weeks after birth. The most conspicuous event during this development takes place around birth, when a transient primary myelin sheath degeneration strikes already well myelinated although short 'aberrant' Schwann cells. The aberrant Schwann cells become completely demyelinated, then measuring about 10 microm in length, and are subsequently eliminated from their parent axons. Morphometry indicates that on average 50% of the Schwann cells originally present along a prospective large spinal root axon suffer elimination. Here it should be noted that in cat lumbo-sacral spinal roots, the longitudinal growth of myelinated Schwann cells that belong to the group containing what will be the largest fibers is on average twice that of their parent axons. The elimination phenomenon is particularly striking in the dorsal roots close to the spinal cord where CNS tissue invades the root for several hundred micrometres. Our observations suggest that, once demyelinated and then eliminated, Schwann cells (i.e. aberrant Schwann cells) colonize neighbouring axons, future myelinated as well as future unmyelinated ones. In the former case the immigrant Schwann cells appear to start myelin production, possibly risking a second demyelination and elimination. We take our observations to indicate that Schwann cells in the cat, during normal development, may switch iteratively between a 'myelin-producing' and a 'non-myelin-producing' phenotype. From a functional point of view the transient presence along a myelinated axon of intercalated unmyelinated segments approximately 10 microm long, due to aberrant Schwann cells, would mean a slowing down of the action potential. The rapid disappearance of aberrant Schwann cells during the two first postnatal weeks could then explain the progressing normalization of the leg-length conduction time.