Abstract
There seems to be a scarcity in literature investigating day-to-day warm-up (WU) variations. We investigated day-to-day variation of psychophysiological responses during Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ and dynamic warm-up (DWU) exercises. Twenty-one male collegiate soccer players were randomly assigned to the FIFA 11+ (n = 10) or DWU group (n = 11). Each group performed the assigned WU protocol on three different occasions with a 48-h interval in between. The inter-day variation of the heart rate (HR), time distribution of HR zones, heart rate variability (HRV), estimated energy expenditure (EE), blood lactate (BL) concentration, and the Borg rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded. A two-way repeated measures of analysis of variance was used to compare the differences in chosen variables [group (2) × day (3)]. The coefficient of variation was used to determine the dispersion of the variables over the sessions. The interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with a two-way random model and a single measure (ICC2,1) was used to determine inter-day reliability. There were no significant differences in time spent at particular HR zones and EE in both groups. The FIFA 11+ exercises showed high reliability of exercise duration, average HR (HRaverage), minimal HR (HRmin), peak HR (HRpeak), and post-exercise RPE. In the DWU group, high reliability was found only in HRaverage, HRpeak, and post-exercise RPE. The FIFA 11+ exercises showed similar EE, exercise HR patterns, BL, and RPE compared to the DWU. The FIFA 11+ program is an intense WU protocol with a characteristically low variation of day-to-day exercise HR and RPE responses.
Highlights
Strength conditioning and clinical practitioners have extensively developed warmup (WU) protocols in an attempt to improve the kinaesthetic perception and motor performance (Bishop, 2003), alleviate muscle damage (Chen et al, 2018), and minimise the risk of injuries in sports training (Emery and Meeuwisse, 2010) as well as long-term training effect (Alipasali et al, 2019)
It was hypothesised that the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ would show large day-to-day variations of exercise heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV), EE, blood lactate (BL), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) compared to the dynamic WU (DWU) exercises due to WU intensity
The results revealed day and group interaction in the stress index [F2, 38 = 3.509, η2 = 0.156, p = 0.04] and RMSSD [F2, 38 = 3.663, η2 = 0.162, p = 0.035]
Summary
Strength conditioning and clinical practitioners have extensively developed warmup (WU) protocols in an attempt to improve the kinaesthetic perception and motor performance (Bishop, 2003), alleviate muscle damage (Chen et al, 2018), and minimise the risk of injuries in sports training (Emery and Meeuwisse, 2010) as well as long-term training effect (Alipasali et al, 2019). One common WU strategy is performing dynamic WU (DWU) exercises. 7 - Exercise and Health Promotion Association, New Taipei City 24156, Taiwan. 1 - Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24206, Taiwan. 4 - Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), 4960-320 Melgaço, Portugal. 6 - Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan. Authors submitted their contribution to the article to the editorial board. Accepted for printing in the Journal of Human Kinetics vol 81/2022 in January 2022
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