Abstract
Current research into mind-wandering is beginning to acknowledge that this process is one of heterogeneity. Following on from previous findings highlighting the role of self-focus during mind wandering, the present study aimed to examine individual differences in rumination and self-reflection and the impact such styles of self-focus may have on mind-wandering experiences. Thirty-three participants were required to complete the Sustained Attention Response Task (SART), aimed at inducing mind-wandering episodes, whilst also probing the content of thought in terms of temporal focus. Self-report questionnaires were also administered after the SART to measure dispositional differences in style and beliefs regarding mind-wandering and assessments of individual differences in rumination and self-reflection. Those individuals with reflective self-focus showed a strong positive association with positive and constructive thoughts. Critically, ruminative self-focus was positively associated with a tendency for the mind to wander towards anguished fantasies, failures and aggression, but it was also positively associated with positive and constructive thoughts. Furthermore, while dispositional differences in self-focus showed no relationship with the temporal perspective of thoughts when probed during a cognitive task, performance on the task itself was related to whether participants were thinking about the past, present or future during that activity. Such findings are discussed in line with previous research, and provide a further step towards accounting for the heterogeneous nature of mind-wandering.
Highlights
Current research into mind-wandering is beginning to acknowledge that this process is one of heterogeneity
The study employed a correlational design with inclusion of the following variables; scores for the two Rumination-Self-Reflection Questionnaire (RRQ) subscales, scores on the three distinct daydreaming styles, temporal focus and aspects of performance measured during the sustained attention response task (SART)
A series of one tailed correlations were carried out on 1) rumination scores in relation to temporal focus and the styles of daydreaming elicited by the Short Imaginal Processes Inventory (SIPI) 2) self-reflection scores in relation to temporal focus and the styles of daydreaming elicited by the SIPI
Summary
Current research into mind-wandering is beginning to acknowledge that this process is one of heterogeneity. While dispositional differences in self-focus showed no relationship with the temporal perspective of thoughts when probed during a cognitive task, performance on the task itself was related to whether participants were thinking about the past, present or future during that activity Such findings are discussed in line with previous research, and provide a further step towards accounting for the heterogeneous nature of mind-wandering. McGann, & Riby mind-wandering reflects a specific failure in executive control whereby individuals have impairment in processing task-relevant material and experience issues with inhibiting responses to irrelevant stimuli (McVay & Kane, 2010) In line with this view, when mind wandering episodes dominate, additional executive processing mechanisms are thought to be required for successful task completion (Riby, Smallwood, & Gunn, 2008). The decoupling account proposes that mind-wandering involves a dissociation in processing whereby the mind-wanderer’s attention becomes concentrated towards internal inner thoughts and feelings and disengaged from current external events in the environment (Smallwood, 2010; Smallwood et al, 2003)
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