Day‐to‐Day Variations in Iron, Zinc and Copper in Breast Milk of Guatemalan Mothers

Abstract

ABSTRACTObjective:To assess the within‐subject and between‐subject coefficients of variation (CV) of iron, zinc and copper concentrations in the milk of Guatemalan mothers.Methods:We performed a cross‐sectional study in lactating women who had delivered a healthy infant 1 to 6 months previously in two low‐income peri‐urban areas (San Bartolomé Milpas Altas and Ciudad Peronia) and a low‐income rural area (San Juan Chamelco) in Guatemala. Women infested with Ascaris lumbricoides or Trichuris trichiura received a single dose of albendazole (400 mg) or placebo. Two weeks after treatment, milk samples were collected on 3 or 4 consecutive days. Trace element concentrations in milk were measured by inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry.Results:The instrumental error of the inductively coupled plasma/atomic emission spectrometry method, expressed as SD, was 0.04, 0.27 and 0.02 mg/L for iron, zinc and copper, respectively. Concentrations in milk samples collected from 47 mothers on 3 or 4 consecutive days, expressed as mean ± SD, were 0.28 ± 0.13, 2.03 ± 0.37 and 0.29 ± 0.07 mg/L for iron, zinc and copper, respectively. The within‐subject CV was 46.1%, 18.2%, and 22.8% and the between‐subject CV was 61.2%, 48.3% and 31.7% for iron, zinc and copper, respectively. Stage of lactation, infestation with intestinal parasites and residential area had a significant influence on milk zinc, copper and iron concentrations.Conclusions:One sample of milk is sufficient to give a reliable estimate of the zinc concentration in milk. Two samples taken on consecutive days are required for a reliable estimate of iron and copper concentrations.