Abstract
The present work aimed to study suitability of a consortium of Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, Herbaspirillum seropedicae, and Burkholderia ambifaria as biofertilizers. Strains were assayed for plant growth-promoting characteristics (i.e., auxins production, phosphate solubilizing capability, and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity). The consortium of four bacteria was then inoculated on carrot seeds and tested in an open field experiment. During the open field experiment, plant growth (morphological parameters, chlorophylls, and carotenoids), soil chemical analysis, and molecular and physiological profiles of soils were investigated. Each strain produced different amounts of indole-3acetic acid and several indole-derivates molecules. All strains showed phosphate solubilization capability, while 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity was only detected in H. seropedicae and B. ambifaria. The bacterial consortium of the four strains gave interesting results in the open field cultivation of carrot. Plant development was positively affected by the presence of the consortium, as was soil fertility and microbial community structure and diversity. The present work allowed for deepening our knowledge on four bacteria, already known for years for having several interesting characteristics, but whose interactions were almost unknown, particularly in view of their use as a consortium in a valid fertilization strategy, in substitution of agrochemicals for a sustainable agriculture.
Highlights
The development of low consumption energy technologies is of growing relevance in sustainable agriculture to allow sustainable food production while supporting an increasing world population
One possible low energy and environmentally friendly technology is the utilization of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), which are microorganisms that live in association with plants, covering practically all their surfaces and colonizing their interior, the xylem vessels in particular [1]
For G. diazotrophicus and H. seropedicae, indole-3acetic acid (IAA) concentrations were higher than respective controls (p < 0.05) while for A. brasilense and B. ambifaria no significant difference were shown (p > 0.05)
Summary
The development of low consumption energy technologies is of growing relevance in sustainable agriculture to allow sustainable food production while supporting an increasing world population. As reported by Nithya and Babu, cocci are the predominant endophytic bacterial community compared to other salad vegetables, namely cucumber, onion, and tomato This crop is suitable for Fucino plateau, the main agricultural productive area of the Abruzzo region where the greatest carrots production is obtained [6]. This consortium has already demonstrated to have positive effects on the growth of Allium cepa L. [10], and ancient Triticum [11] Based on these positive effects, we hypothesized that a A. brasilense, G. diazotrophicus, H. seropedicae, and B. ambifaria consortium could be a valid biostimulant tool for Daucus carota L
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