Abstract
completely defoliates trees already in summer. The leafdamage is particularly spectacular in cities where horsechestnut trees are abundant and the defoliation of treesin streets, parks, and gardens in early summer raisessignificant public concern. The aesthetic problems and thelost filter function of defoliated trees in the city climate areconsidered to be the main consequence of damage. Thepest is thus mostly an urban problem which is managed onthe scale of cities.The first mass appearance of
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