Data Processing: Automation in Calculation

Abstract

A WIDE variety of computational aids is currently available to educators, ranging from slide rule and desk calculator to punched-card equipment and electronic computation. In this review particular attention will be given to electronic computation, for several reasons: (a) The electronic computer will probably be the preferred aid in extensive calculations whenever available; (b) the machines require the more radical changes in research methods; and (c) the area is less known. But since much largescale educational calculating is currently done with punched-card equipment, developments in that field will thereafter be briefly summarized. Much of the computational literature deals with topics, such as numerical analysis, computer logic, computer engineering, scientific applications, and business applications, which possess no specific reference to education or psychology. Instead of trying to make a comprehensive survey of these fields, the policy will be followed of supplying certain key references, generally themselves well documented and of recent date, which provide starting points for any reader wishing to explore further. Sections of the review are bibliographies, journals and professional societies, types of computers, digital computers, computer availability, programing an electronic computer, numerical analysis, computer use in education and psychology, factor analysis, punched-card procedures, other computational aids, and the brain-machine analogy.