Abstract
It is of interest to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and safety of vildagliptin as monotherapy and combination therapy of vildagliptin and metformin for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Indian settings. The study included patients with T2DM (aged >18 years) receiving vildagliptin monotherapy and vildagliptin in combination with metformin therapy of various strengths. Data related to demographics, risk factors, medical history, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, and medical therapies were retrieved from medical records. Out of 9678 patients (median age, 52.0 years), 59.1% were men. A combination of vildagliptin and metformin (50/500 mg) was the most commonly used therapy (54.8%), and the median duration of therapy was 24.0 months. The predominant reason for selecting vildagliptin therapy was to improve HbA1c levels (87.8%). A total of 87.5% of patients required dosage up-titration. Vildagliptin therapy was used in patients with T2DM and associated complications (peripheral neuropathy, CAD, nephropathy, retinopathy, autonomous neuropathy, stroke/TIA, and peripheral artery disease). Among 5175 patients who experienced body weight changes, a majority of patients had lost weight (68.6%). The target glycemic control was achieved in 95.3% of patients. The mean HbA1c levels were significantly decreased post-treatment (mean change: 1.34%; p<0.001). Adverse events were reported in 0.4% of patients. Physicians rated the majority of patients as good to excellent on the global evaluation of efficacy and tolerability scale (98.9%, each). Vildagliptin with or without metformin was an effective therapy in reducing HbA1c helps in achieving target glycemic control, and was well-tolerated in Indian patients with T2DM continuum.
Highlights
Inflammation, including fatty liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is an integral component of both all-acute and chronic liver disorder
It is of interest to report the molecular docking analysis of stachydrine and sakuranetin with IL-6 and TNF-α in the context of inflammation
Molecular docking means that the drug is correctly absorbed and The binding force, the number of hydrogen bond interactions and binds with the receptor
Summary
Inflammation, including fatty liver diseases such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is an integral component of both all-acute and chronic liver disorder. It has been convincingly shown that immune mediators, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines, have been able to regulate many of the main characteristics of liver diseases, including acute liver failure, acute phase response, steatosis, cholestasis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and production of fibrosis [1,2]. It points out that classic signalling regulates interleukin-6 regenerative or anti-inflammatory actions, whereas interleukin-6 pro-inflammatory responses are more mediated by trans-signaling. This is relevant because the neutralising anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody tocilizumab has recently been licenced for therapeutic blockade of interleukin-6 in the therapy of inflammatory diseases [4]. Other chronic autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) [8], have a therapeutic benefit by blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines [8]. It is of interest to report the molecular docking analysis of stachydrine and sakuranetin with IL-6 and TNF-α in the context of inflammation
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