Data from ME1 Regulates NADPH Homeostasis to Promote Gastric Cancer Growth and Metastasis

Abstract

<div>Abstract<p>Genomic alterations of tumor suppressorsoften encompass collateral protein-coding genes that create therapeutic vulnerability to further inhibition of their paralogs. Here, we report that <i>malic enzyme 2</i> (<i>ME2</i>) is frequently hemizygously codeleted with <i>SMAD4</i> in gastric cancer. Its isoenzyme ME1 was upregulated to replenish the intracellular reducing equivalent NADPH and to maintain redox homeostasis. Knockdown of ME1 significantly depleted NADPH, induced high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately cell apoptosis under oxidative stress conditions, such as glucose starvation and anoikis, in ME2-underexpressed cells. Moreover, ME1 promoted tumor growth, lung metastasis, and peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer <i>in vivo</i>. Intratumoral injection of <i>ME1</i> siRNA significantly suppressed tumor growth in cell lines and patient-derived xenograft–based models. Mechanistically, <i>ME1</i> was transcriptionally upregulated by ROS in an ETV4-dependent manner. Overexpression of ME1 was associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival in gastric cancer. Altogether, our results shed light on crucial roles of ME1-mediated production of NADPH in gastric cancer growth and metastasis.</p><p><b>Significance:</b> These findings reveal the role of malic enzyme in growth and metastasis.</p><p><b>Graphical Abstract:</b> <a href="http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/8/1972/F1.large.jpg" target="_blank">http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/8/1972/F1.large.jpg</a>. <i>Cancer Res; 78(8); 1972–85. ©2018 AACR</i>.</p></div>