Abstract
In recent years electric mobility has gained a great deal of attention, leading to electric vehicles on the market and development of necessary charging infrastructure. Charging infrastructure is mostly enabled through subsidies by local or national governments to overcome the chicken and egg problem, while the business case for charge stations in this early stage of development is not yet sufficient. The municipality of Amsterdam is a forerunner in the development of charge infrastructure, with over 500 public charge points available. The municipality and service providers struggle how to optimize the roll out of further charge points and how to optimize the use of the charge points. This paper gives a detailed analysis of the actual usage patterns of the public charging infrastructure in the city of Amsterdam, based on more than 109.000 charge sessions collected at the existing local charge points in 2012/2013. The conclusions from this analysis can be used to gain insight in the actual usage patterns of public charging infrastructure and may lead to recommendations concerning further roll out of charge stations, increasing effectiveness and improving the business case for charge points. The conclusions and recommendations may have implications for, and may support municipalities in the effective development of charging infrastructure.
Highlights
The Amsterdam region is one of the frontrunners worldwide in stimulating the use of electric vehicles [1] [2]
It has made the municipality of Amsterdam one of the frontrunners in electric mobility in Europe with more than 500 public charge points, more than 2000 electric vehicles including around 300 electric “Smart For Two’s” using the charge stations, demonstration of innovative charging solutions, and large vehicle demonstration programs for amongst others the Nissan Leaf as well as Car2Go [3, 4]
Locations for new charge points are largely selected based on individual demands from electric vehicle owners: inhabitants of Amsterdam who buy an electric vehicle with a range of over 45 kilometres on a single charge can apply for a public charge station near their home
Summary
The Amsterdam region is one of the frontrunners worldwide in stimulating the use of electric vehicles [1] [2]. Urged by air quality problems the municipality of Amsterdam has had an active role in facilitating e-mobility within the region of Amsterdam. In recent years its policy has consisted of a combination of (amongst others) infrastructure development (e.g. subsidizing placement of hundreds of public charge stations), market measures (e.g. purchase subsidies and incentive systems such as priority in obtaining parking permits as free parking for electric vehicles) and demonstration and awareness programs It has made the municipality of Amsterdam one of the frontrunners in electric mobility in Europe with more than 500 public charge points, more than 2000 electric vehicles including around 300 electric “Smart For Two’s” using the charge stations, demonstration of innovative charging solutions (fast charging), and large vehicle demonstration programs for amongst others the Nissan Leaf as well as Car2Go [3, 4]
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