Abstract
Within the mating-system of Penduline Tit — a species with uniparental care, prolonged breeding season and protected nests — successive polygyny and polyandry occur simultaneously (for each sex up to 30%). After egg-laying, there is a conflict between the sexes which of them attends the brood. In about 54–65% the clutches have been attended by the female, 7–14% by the male and approximately 30% of all the nests have been deserted, because neither the female nor the male decided to incubate. Deserted clutches were smaller than those incubated by females. Obviously the female tries to force the male to rear the brood by leaving. Polygynous males have higher rates of reproduction than others. Polyandryous females have not such a success.
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