Abstract
Dark matter and dark energy are dominating components of the Universe. Their presence affects the course and results of processes, which are driven by the gravitational interaction. The objective of the paper was to examine the influence of the dark sector on the gravitational collapse of an electrically charged scalar field. A phantom scalar field was used as a model of dark energy in the system. Dark matter was modeled by a complex scalar field with a quartic potential, charged under a U(1)-gauge field. The dark components were coupled to the electrically charged scalar field via the exponential coupling and the gauge field-Maxwell field kinetic mixing, respectively. Complete non-linear simulations of the investigated process were performed. They were conducted from regular initial data to the end state, which was the matter dispersal or a singularity formation in a spacetime. During the collapse in the presence of dark energy dynamical wormholes and naked singularities were formed in emerging spacetimes. The wormhole throats were stabilized by the violation of the null energy condition, which occurred due to a significant increase of a value of the phantom scalar field function in its vicinity. The square of mass parameter of the dark matter scalar field potential controlled the formation of a Cauchy horizon or wormhole throats in the spacetime. The joint impact of dark energy and dark matter on the examined process indicated that the former decides what type of an object forms, while the latter controls the amount of time needed for the object to form. Additionally, the dark sector suppresses the natural tendency of an electrically charged scalar field to form a dynamical Reissner-Nordstr\"om spacetime during the gravitational collapse.
Highlights
For m2 larger than −3.85 the dynamical Reissner-Nordstrom spacetimes form, while for its smaller values the Cauchy horizon is absent in the spacetime and dynamical Schwarzschild black holes stem from the evolution
The dependence of the event horizon u-locations, the masses and the radii of black holes formed during the collapse of an electrically charged scalar field accompanied by dark matter on ph and m2 is depicted in figure 17
Dark matter was described by a complex scalar field with a quartic potential, coupled to a U(1)-gauge field
Summary
The model used to investigate the dynamical collapse of interest consists of three parts, whose construction is based on self-interacting scalar fields. Investigating e+e− collisions allowed searching the mass range 0.02 − 10.2 GeV [47], while analyses of the e− and p scattering on nuclei focused on 175 − 550 MeV range [103,104,105], both with the values of the coupling constant with photon of the order of 10−4 − 10−3. Combining the adequate components of the Einstein tensor resulting from the metric (2.12) and the above stress-energy tensor components, the Einstein equations of the gravitational field are obtained They complement the preceding relations in order to obtain the complete set of equations of motion for the examined system, which are (2.13)–(2.32), excluding the relations (2.14), (2.17) and (2.24), which determine the physical quantities Q, T and Tμν.
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