Dark matter halo growth - II. Diffuse accretion and its environmental dependence

Abstract

Dark matter haloes in Lambda CDM simulations grow by mergers with other haloes as well as accretion of "diffuse" non-halo material. We quantify the mass growth rates via these two processes, dM_mer/dt and dM_dif/dt, and their dependence on halo environment using the ~500,000 haloes in the Millennium simulation. Adopting a local mass density parameter as a measure of halo environment, we find the two rates show strong but opposite environmental dependence, with mergers playing an increasingly important role for halo growths in overdense regions and diffuse accretion dominating growth in voids. This behaviour is independent of the mass cuts used to define haloes vs non-haloes. For galaxy-scale haloes, these two opposite correlations largely cancel out, but a weak environmental dependence remains that results in a slightly lower mean total growth rate, and hence an earlier mean formation redshift, for haloes in denser regions. The mean formation redshift of the ~5000 cluster-mass haloes, on the other hand, appears to have no correlation with halo environment. The origin of the positive correlation of dM_mer/dt with local density can be traced to the surrounding mass reservoir outside the haloes, where more progenitor haloes are available in denser regions. The negative correlation of dM_dif/dt with density, however, is not explained by the available diffuse mass in the reservoir, which is in fact larger in denser regions. The non-halo component may therefore be partially comprised of truly diffuse dark matter particles that are dynamically hotter and are accreted at a suppressed rate in denser regions. We also discuss the implications of these results for how to modify the Extended Press-Schechter model of halo growth, which in its original form does not predict environmental dependence.