Abstract
The vacuum component of the Universe is investigated in both the quantum and the classical regimes of its evolution. The associated vacuum energy density was reduced by more than 78 orders of magnitude in 10-6 sec in the quantum regime and by nearly 45 orders of magnitude in 4 × 1017 sec in the classical regime. The vacuum energy was spent for the organization of new microstates during the expansion of the Universe. In the quantum regime, phase transitions were more effective in reducing the vacuum energy than in producing new microstates. Both of these phenomena have been recorded in the history of the Universe. Herein, the need for the evolution of the Universe’s vacuum component is discussed. Indeed, through this evolution, all 123 crisis orders of dark energy are reduced by conventional physical processes. A table of the vacuum energy’s evolution as the function of red shift and a short discussion about vacuum stability are presented.
Highlights
The dark energy problem might be solved by the introduction of the holographic principle into physics [1] or, more exactly, by the introduction of the entropic force [2]
We argued that the Universe spent the vacuum energy for its expansion, for the organization of new microstates throughout the entire process, but in the initial period of its evolution, other processes were more effective in providing this reduction
In the quantum regime of the Universe’s evolution, in 10−6 sec, the vacuum energy density decreased by 78 orders of magnitude from the Planck value because in that epoch the positive vacuum energy’s density was affected by negative contributions producing vacuum condensates
Summary
The dark energy (cosmological constant, Λ-term) problem might be solved by the introduction of the holographic principle into physics [1] or, more exactly, by the introduction of the entropic force [2]. It is definitely necessary to associate dark energy (DE) with the vacuum energy of the Universe, the equation of state of which is w p 1. It is an experimental fact [3,4]. The cosmological constant (Λ-term) was introduced by A. Where the subscript “QF” denotes quantum fields and the subscript “GVC” is the gravitational vacuum condensate
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