Darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anaemia

Abstract

Background: Darbepoetin alfa is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA), with a longer half-life than previous recombinant human erythropoietins. After its initial development for anaemia due to renal insufficiency, an extensive clinical trial program has defined its role in cancer patients. Objective/methods: Review of the initial registration studies, further development and recent progress, guidelines for use in clinical practice (EORTC, ASCO/ASH), and specific focus on recent safety concerns. Results: Darbepoetin alfa significantly decreases the number of red blood cell transfusions in patients with chemotherapy-induced anaemia, and has been shown to improve health-related quality of life in several studies. The prolonged half-life allows a prolonged dosing interval. Administration every three weeks, a suitable schedule to synchronise with day 1 of many chemotherapy regimens, is as efficient as the initially registered weekly administration. Recent data strongly suggest that the addition of intravenous iron improves haemoglobin response rates. The use of these agents in clinical practice has to be according to the guidelines. Recent safety data reported a negative effect on survival when ESAs were used to treat anaemia that was either not chemotherapy related, or when used to maintain high levels of haemoglobin and prevent anaemia. All of these studies were not in accordance with existing guidelines, while safety data from clinical trials using ESAs according to the guidelines remain reassuring. Conclusion: Darbepoetin alfa has a well defined place in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anaemia, and is safe when used in line with existing guidelines. Recent safety signals on cancer outcomes in studies not in accordance with these guidelines illustrate the need for further research into the complex interaction between anaemia and tumour hypoxia in cancer patients.