Danshensu Attenuates Hypoxia-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

Danshensu, isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen), is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore danshen is extensively used in many nutraceutical formulations. Reactive oxygen species are essential for the development of hypoxia-induced inflammation. Generation of reactive oxygen species by infiltrating macrophages is common in various diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, tumor, and aging. To explore the mechanism underlying the attenuation of inflammation, we used RAW 264.7 cells as a model and hypoxia as an inducer of inflammation. The results showed the protective mechanism of danshensu on reactive oxygen species production, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha expression, c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression following hypoxia in RAW 264.7 cells.