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The Journal of American CultureEarly View ORIGINAL ARTICLE Dancing grounds, bloody grounds: Pearl Primus and Michael Row the Boat Ashore (1979) Ninoska M’bewe Escobar, Corresponding Author Ninoska M’bewe Escobar [email protected] Department of Theatre and Dance, The University of New Mexico Correspondence Ninoska M’bewe Escobar Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Ninoska M’bewe Escobar, Corresponding Author Ninoska M’bewe Escobar [email protected] Department of Theatre and Dance, The University of New Mexico Correspondence Ninoska M’bewe Escobar Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 11 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/jacc.13459Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Works Cited Amin, Takiyah Nur. “A Terminology of Difference: Making the Case for Black Dance in the 21st Century and Beyond.” Journal of Pan African Studies, vol. 4, no. 6, 2011, pp. 7– 15. Anderson, Jack. “Dance: Pearl Primus Presents 'Earth Theater'.” New York Times, 21 Aug. 1979, https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/21/archives/dance-pearl-primus-presents-earth-theater.html. Cleage, Pearl. “A Hollering Place.” Dramatists Guild Quarterly, vol. 31, no. 2, 1994. Collins, Patricia Hill. “Learning from the Outsider Within: The Sociological Significance of Black Feminist Thought.” Social Problems, vol. 33, no. 6, 1986, pp. S14– 32. DeFrantz, Thomas F. Dancing Many Drums: Excavations in African American Dance. University of Wisconsin Press, 2002. Dennis, Paul. Interview. Conducted by Ninoska M'bewe Escobar, 18 May 2021. Dennis, Paul. “Pearl Primus, 'Omowale,' Child Returned Home.” The Massachusetts Review, 14 Feb. 2021. Dixon-Gottschild, Brenda. "The Power of Dance as Political Protest." Dance Magazine, 29 Oct. 2020. Elam, Harry and David Krasner. " The Device of Race." African American Performance and Theater History: A Critical Reader, Oxford University Press, 2015, pp. 3– 16. Escobar, Ninoska M'bewe. Wrought with Light and Dreams: Auto/body/graphy and the Persistence of Pearl Primus. 2019. The University of Texas at Austin, PhD dissertation. Estrada, Ric and Sigrid. “3 Leading Negro Artists, and How They Feel About Dance in the Community: 1. Eleo Pomare 2. Arthur Mitchell 3. Pearl Primus.” Dance Magazine. vol. 42, no.11, 1968. Gere, David. “Dances of Sorrow, Dances of Hope.” Los Angeles Times (pre-1997 Fulltext), 1994. Griffin, Farah Jasmine. “ Pearl Primus: Dancing Freedom.” Harlem Nocturne: Women Artists & Progressive Politics during World War II, Basic Civitas, A Member of the Perseus Books Group, 2013. hooks, bell. “ Performance Practice as a Site of Opposition.” Let's Get It On: The Politics of Black Performance. Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1995. Hughes, Langton. " On Leaping and Shouting." The Chicago Defender, 3 Jul. 1943. King, Martin Luther, et al. A Call to Conscience: The Landmark Speeches of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. IPM (Intellectual Properties Management), in Association with Warner Books, 2001. Kisselgoff, Anna. "Pearl Primus Offering Program Of Dance Called 'Earth Theater'." New York Times, 24 Mar. 1979. ---. “DANCE VIEW,” New York Times (New York), 17 Dec. 1978, p. 2. Kourlas, Gia. "Could Dance Be a Weapon All Over Again?" The New York Times, 28 Oct. 2020. Krasner, David. "Walter Benjamin and the Lynching Play: Allegory and Mourning in Angelina Weld Grimké's Rachel." Text & Presentation, 1997, pp. 64– 80. Lorde, Audre. Sister Outsider: Essays and Speeches. Crossing Press, 1984. Patterson, Orlando. Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Harvard University Press, 1982. Pearl Primus #1363. Secure Media Network. Dance Heritage Coalition, Accessed May 2016. http://archive.danceheritage.org/. Pearl Primus, " Omowale," Child Returned Home. Directed by Stan Sherer. 2020. Robertson, Michael. “Pearl Primus, Ph.D., Returns,” New York Times, 18 Mar. 1979, 2. Proquest. Web. Accessed 18 Mar. 2018. Schwartz, Peggy and Murray. The Dance Claimed Me: A Biography of Pearl Primus. Yale University Press, 2011. Sitton, Claude. "Birmingham Bomb Kills 4 Negro Girls." New York Times, 16 Sep. 1963, https://www.nytimes.com/1963/09/16/archives/birmingham-bomb-kills-4-negro-girls-in-church-riots-flare-2-boys.html. Schechner, Richard, and Willa Appel. By Means of Performance: Intercultural Studies of Theatre and Ritual. Cambridge University Press, 1990. Waithe, Mary. Interview. Conducted by Paul Dennis, 2020. Watson, Elbert. Interview. Conducted by Ninoska M'bewe Escobar, 8 Apr. 2022. Wolfe, George C. " Performance Method." Black Theatre: Ritual Performance in the African Diaspora. edited by Carter Harrison Paul, Leo Walker Victor, and Edwards Gus. Temple University Press, 2002, pp. 4400– 405. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

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