Abstract
As a universal process in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, cells usually emit danger signals when suffering from attacks of microbes and herbivores, or physical damage. These signals, termed as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), mainly include cell wall or extracellular protein fragments, peptides, nucleotides, and amino acids. Once exposed on cell surfaces, DAMPs are detected by plasma membrane-localized receptors of surrounding cells to regulate immune responses against the invading organisms and promote damage repair. DAMPs may also act as long-distance mobile signals to mediate systemic wounding responses. Generation, release, and perception of DAMPs, and signaling events downstream of DAMP perception are all rigorously modulated by plants. These processes integrate together to determine intricate mechanisms of DAMP-triggered immunity in plants. In this review, we present an extensive overview on our current understanding of DAMPs in plant immune system.
Highlights
Plants are constantly assaulted by various pathogens and insect herbivores, which seek to assimilate plant-derived nutrients for their survivals and propagations
We summarize our current understanding of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in plant immune system, and provide an extensive overview on their molecular structures, generation, release, perception, and signaling events
Plants activate the plasma membrane localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)-mediated immune responses through the detection of extracellular danger signals, including pathogen-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and plantderived DAMPs
Summary
Plants are constantly assaulted by various pathogens and insect herbivores, which seek to assimilate plant-derived nutrients for their survivals and propagations. Exogenous application of cutin monomers to plant leaves or suspensioncultured cells induces defense responses, upregulate expression of defense-related genes, and increase resistance to B. cinerea (Fauth et al, 1998; Buxdorf et al, 2014).
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