Dam built to resist earthquakes

Abstract

Groundwater systems were studied in the 4200 ha East Belka catchment in a dryland farming area 300 km east of Perth, W.A., to determine the cause of sandplain seeps. Detailed investigations were carried out on a 200 ha hillslope to determine the characteristics of a shallow aquifer system responsible for the salinization of previously productive agricultural soils. The impact of the shallow aquifer on the regional system was investigated.A shallow (less than 8 m), perched, perennial aquifer was encountered in the deep sandplain materials. Groundwater discharge of about 1000 kl year−1 from the perched aquifer maintained saline soils across a 5 ha sandplain seep. Perching is due to the decreased permeability, geometry and silicification of the top of the mottled and pallid zones, and the convergence of perched ground waters near the seep. Slug test measurements suggest that the sandplain soils have a relatively low hydraulic conductivity (0.15 m day−1). Water qualities in the perched aquifer ranged from brackish to saline (3000–8000 mg l−1 TDS), peaking in the salt-affected area (12 000 mg l−1 TDS). High nitrate and Cl/Br ratios occur in the shallow aquifer and in the regional ground water beneath the sandplain seep.Recharge to the deep aquifer takes place throughout the catchment, but is greatest beneath the sandplain seep, where a perennial groundwater mound occurs. Recharge to the regional aquifer was estimated to be 6 to 15 mm year−1, increasing to between 20 and 60 mm year−1 beneath the seep. By contrast, less than 0.3 mm year−1 is able to leave the catchment as regional groundwater flow. Water-levels in the deep bores are consequently rising by 0.05 to 0.25 m year−1. Recharge to the deep aquifer beneath the seep, and low groundwater gradients, create the potential for groundwater flow to take place beneath the topographic divide and towards the adjoining catchment. However, as the vertical flux to the aquifer is two orders of magnitude greater than the horizontal flow, ground waters are effectively impounded within the catchment.