Abstract
A comparison of d2 law and penetration length of biofuels with Jet–A through the incorporation of fuel properties and actual combustor inlet data at various flight trajectories is presented. This study aims to identify fuel properties and flight operating conditions that most influence droplet characteristics accurately. The study comprises two phases involving a simulation using GSP to predict combustor inlet data for the respective flight operating conditions and a simulation using ANSYS Fluent V18.1 to obtain combustion characteristics of biofuels and Jet–A. The biofuels chosen in this study are Jatropha Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (JSPK) and Camelina Bio-synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (CSPK), evaluated as pure (100%) and blend (50%) with Jet–A. Thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) of biofuels is improved due to lower fuel consumed by the engine. The d2 law curve shows a heat-up period that takes place at the early stage of the combustion process. The penetration length of the fuels is shorter at take-off. Combusting biofuels reduce combustion temperature and the penetration length of the droplet.
Highlights
In a modernised and busy world, all types of transportation are a crucial way to commute from one place to another
All results presented are instantaneous, where it is extracted in every model and simulation
The results are presented by comparing the biofuels data with Jet–A
Summary
In a modernised and busy world, all types of transportation are a crucial way to commute from one place to another. 10–18% of the total emissions is contributed from air transport [1]. Air transport has become one of the most crucial transportations worldwide. The increasing number of air passengers caused a drastic growth in the aviation sector. According to ICAO’s 2019 annual report, the total number of air passengers increased to 4.5 billion in 2019, which is 3.6% higher than the number of passengers in 2018. The growth has led to the increment of greenhouse gas emissions released from the engine into the atmosphere. Technology advancements and operational improvements related to aircraft engines, aircraft design, aircraft operations, air traffic management, and fuel sources are the available solutions to alleviate gas emissions and fuel consumption, improving energy efficiency
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