Abstract
Magnetism without d-orbital electrons seems to be unrealistic; however, recent observations of magnetism in non-magnetic oxides, such as ZnO, HfO2, and MgO, have opened new avenues in the field of magnetism. Magnetism exhibited by these oxides is known as d° ferromagnetism, as these oxides either have completely filled or unfilled d-/f-orbitals. This magnetism is believed to occur due to polarization induced by p-orbitals. Magnetic polarization in these oxides arises due to vacancies, the excitation of trapped spin in the triplet state. The presence of vacancies at the surface and subsurface also affects the magnetic behavior of these oxides. In the present review, origins of magnetism in magnesium oxide are discussed to obtain understanding of d° ferromagnetism.
Highlights
Magnetism is a well-established phenomenon which arises due to the exchange interaction between the electrons in partially-filled d-/f-bands in materials
Room-temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in pure sodium chloride particles is attributed to surface defects [11]
D◦ ferromagnetism can be interpreted in terms of vacancies/defects, but understanding of appropriate mechanism revealing the interaction that leads to existence of such an effect upto
Summary
Magnetism is a well-established phenomenon which arises due to the exchange interaction between the electrons in partially-filled d-/f-bands in materials. Vacancy mediated magnetism occurs in CuO [17] and ZnO [18,19]; oxygen vacancy induced magnetism in zinc peroxide [20] and CeO2 [21]; and surface vacancy induced magnetism in NiO [22] These studies reveal that defects in the form of vacancies are the source of this behavior [11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22], sustainability of this magnetism up to long-range order requires exigency of the mechanism of interaction among these sources. Aout rthgeroeunpd., we have elaborated the results obtained from recent studies of our group
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