Abstract

Carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) are emerging as promising biomedical tools due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of CEINs (the mean diameter distribution ranges 46–56 nm) has been explored by MTT, LDH leakage, Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays in human melanoma (HTB-140), mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cells, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The results demonstrated that CEINs produce mitochondrial and cell membrane cytotoxicities in a dose (0.0001–100 μg/ml)-dependent manner. Moreover, the studies elucidated some differences in cytotoxic effects between CEINs used as raw and purified materials composing of the carbon surface with acidic groups. Experiments showed that HTB-140 cells are more sensitive to prone early apoptotic events due to raw CEINs as compared to B16-F10 or HDF cells, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that the amount of CEINs administered to cells and the composition of CEINs containing different amounts of iron as well as the carbon surface modification type is critical determinant of cytotoxic responses in both normal and cancer (melanoma) cells.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11051-013-1835-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Highlights

  • Interest in using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has gained a great deal of attention in the last few years following numerous preclinical studies showing that multifunctional MNPs capable of being imaged using magnetic resonance, and loaded with anticancer drugs have offered attractive possibilities for the future improvement of anticancer therapy in humans (Shubayev et al 2009; Zhang et al 2009)

  • The cytotoxic effect of Carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) has been explored by MTT, Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays in human melanoma (HTB-140), mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cells, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs)

  • The significance of this work is to elucidate subtle differences in cytotoxic effects between CEINs used as raw and purified materials, of which the carbon surface was functionalized with surface acidic groups

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Summary

Introduction

Interest in using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has gained a great deal of attention in the last few years following numerous preclinical studies showing that multifunctional MNPs capable of being imaged using magnetic resonance, and loaded with anticancer drugs have offered attractive possibilities for the future improvement of anticancer therapy in humans (Shubayev et al 2009; Zhang et al 2009). A number of magnetic nanosystems composing of multifunctional nanoparticles harboring various functions including targeting, imaging, stem cell labeling and tracking have been intensively studied aiming to overcome some limitations associated with conventional cancer diagnosis and therapy (Berman et al 2011; Hosseinkhani et al 2012; Miele et al 2012). This strategy was addressed the ‘‘find, fight, and follow’’ concept of early diagnosis, therapy, and therapy control, sometimes known as ‘‘theranostics’’ (Xie et al 2010; Liu et al 2010; Pan et al 2009). The carbon coating is formulated of highly crystalline and curved graphene layers, which protects the core against any oxidization processes, preserves its specific magnetic properties, and further endows the encapsulated iron nanoparticles

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