Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity properties of particulate matter fraction 2.5 μm

Maciej K Bełcik,Katarzyna Piekarska,Ewa Zaczyńska,Anna Czarny,Agnieszka Trusz-Zdybek,B Kaźmierczak,J Danielewicz,H Jouhara,M Kutyłowska,K Piekarska

doi:10.1051/e3sconf/20172200014

Abstract

In the ambient is more than 2,000 chemical substances, some of them are absorbed on the surface of the particulate matter and may causes many health problems. Air pollution is responsible for more than 3.2 million premature deaths which classifies it as a second place environmental risk factor. Especially dangerous for health are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their nitro- and amino derivatives which shows mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Air pollutions were also classified by International Agency for Research on Cancer to group which carcinogenic properties on human were proved by available knowledge. Air pollutions, including particulate matter are one of the biggest problem in Polish cities. World Health Organization in report published in May 2016 set many of Polish cities on the top of the list most polluted in European Union. The article presents results of mutagenicity, genotoxicity and cytotoxicity researches conducted on a particulate matter fraction 2.5 μm collected during all year long in Wroclaw agglomeration. The material were collected on filters using high-flow air aspirator and extracted using dichloromethane. Additionally it was fractionated into 2 parts containing: all pollutants and only polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Dry residue of this fractions were dissolving in DMSO and tested using biological methods. Biological methods include mutagenicity properties which are investigated by Salmonella assay (Ames assay). Other biological method was comet assay and 4 parameter cytotoxicity test PAN-I assay. Results of the conducted experiments shows differences in mutagenic, genotoxic and cytotoxic properties between seasons of collection and between volume of dust pollutions fractions. The worst properties shows particles collected in autumn and winter season and this containing only polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons. Results showed also some correlations in results obtained during different methods and properties.

Highlights

There is more than 2,000 chemical substances in the ambient air
The smaller particulate matter can penetrate deeper parts of airways and reach directly into alveoli. All these factors cause health problems induced by dust pollutions are observed in groups exposed to environmental risk and in health part of population [3, 4]
Mutagenicity of the air polluting particulates increases in heating season and decreases in summer [11]. As it has been proved, there is an inverse relationship between the mutagenicity and ambient temperature, and the maximum mutagenicity values are reached under winter conditions [12]

Summary

Introduction

Some of them are in a gas form, the other are absorbed on the surface of the particulate matter. Particulate matter with all absorbed substances can penetrate the human respiratory system may cause health problems among which it is worth mentioning asthma, pneumonia, decreased lung function and cardiovascular system. The smaller particulate matter can penetrate deeper parts of airways and reach directly into alveoli. All these factors cause health problems induced by dust pollutions are observed in groups exposed to environmental risk (children and elderly people) and in health part of population [3, 4]

Methods

Results

Conclusion