Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxin whose incidence has been increasing in the last decades. Due to its capacity to exert damage at different levels of the organism, it is considered a cytotoxin. Although the main target organ is the liver, recent studies indicate that CYN has potential toxic effects on the nervous system, both in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the aim of the present work was to study the effects of this cyanotoxin on neuronal viability and synaptic integrity in murine primary cultures of neurons exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0–1 µg/mL CYN) for 12, 24, and 48 h. The results demonstrate a concentration- and time-dependent decrease in cell viability; no cytotoxicity was detected after exposure to the cyanotoxin for 12 h, while all of the concentrations assayed decreased this parameter after 48 h. Furthermore, CYN was also demonstrated to exert damage at the synaptic level in a murine primary neuronal culture in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These data highlight the importance of studying the neurotoxic properties of this cyanotoxin in different experimental models.
Highlights
IntroductionIntroduction iationsCylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a secondary metabolite produced by several species of cyanobacteria, such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Raphidiopsis curvata, Chrysosporum ovalisporum, Lyngbia wollei, Anabaena bergii, Umezakia natans, Oscillatoria sp., etc. [1,2]
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a secondary metabolite produced by several species of cyanobacteria, such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Raphidiopsis curvata, Chrysosporum ovalisporum, Lyngbia wollei, Anabaena bergii, Umezakia natans, Oscillatoria sp., etc. [1,2]
Neuronal viability was measured by immunocytochemistry using the markers NeuN
Summary
Introduction iationsCylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a secondary metabolite produced by several species of cyanobacteria, such as Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, Aphanizomenon ovalisporum, Raphidiopsis curvata, Chrysosporum ovalisporum, Lyngbia wollei, Anabaena bergii, Umezakia natans, Oscillatoria sp., etc. [1,2]. Due to its zwitterionic nature and its low molecular weight, this molecule is highly soluble in water and stable in many environmental conditions [4,5]. These factors, together with the cosmopolitan distribution of producing species, have led to an increase in its incidence in the last decades [6]. In this context, Yang et al [7] reported the presence of CYN in water bodies on six continents, and it was found to be quite common in waters in Europe, Asia, Oceania, and North America and Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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