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Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity and bioactivity of calcium silicate-based cements combined with niobium oxide (Nb2O5) micro and nanoparticles, comparing the response in different cell lines. This evaluation used four cell lines: two primary cultures (human dental pulp cells - hDPCs and human dental follicle cells - hDFCs) and two immortalized cultures (human osteoblast-like cells - Saos-2 and mouse periodontal ligament cells - mPDL). The tested materials were: White Portland Cement (PC), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), white Portland cement combined with microparticles (PC/Nb2O5µ) or nanoparticles (PC/Nb2O5n) of niobium oxide (Nb2O5). Cytotoxicity was evaluated by the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and trypan blue exclusion assays and bioactivity by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity. Results were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (a=0.05). PC/Nb2O5n presented similar or higher cell viability than PC/Nb2O5µ in all cell lines. Moreover, the materials presented similar or higher cell viability than MTA. Saos-2 exhibited high ALP activity, highlighting PC/Nb2O5µ material at 7 days of exposure. In conclusion, calcium silicate cements combined with micro and nanoparticles of Nb2O5 presented cytocompatibility and bioactivity, demonstrating the potential of Nb2O5 as an alternative radiopacifier agent for these cements. The different cell lines had similar response to cytotoxicity evaluation of calcium silicate cements. However, bioactivity was more accurately detected in human osteoblast-like cell line, Saos-2.
Highlights
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is indicated for the treatment of radicular perforations, dental resorptions, dental pulp protection and retrograde filling, due to its biological properties [1]
This was observed in the Trypan blue assay (Fig. 2), which shows that the experimental materials Portland Cement (PC)/ Nb2O5μ and PC/Nb2O5n showed similar (p>0.05) or higher (p
The highest activity for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme was observed in Saos-2 (Fig. 3), with an increase in activity according to the evaluated time intervals (p
Summary
Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is indicated for the treatment of radicular perforations, dental resorptions, dental pulp protection and retrograde filling, due to its biological properties [1]. The physicochemical and biological properties of the calcium silicate MTA and Portland cements are similar [2]. In the composition of MTA, the radiopacifier agent, bismuth oxide, produces a gradual increase in the material porosity [3]. New radiopacifying agents, like calcium tungstate [4], zirconium oxide and niobium oxide [5], have been studied as an alternative to replace bismuth oxide. Niobium oxide (Nb2O5) is a substance studied to enhance the biological properties of materials and used in titanium alloys for endo-osseous implants, due to its biocompatibility, higher degree of mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion and disintegration [6]. Viapiana et al [5] demonstrated that Nb2O5 nanoparticles, used as radiopacifier in a calcium silicate endodontic sealer promoted setting time and flow ability that were adequate for clinical use, satisfactory compressive strength and low solubility. The goal of incorporating nanoparticles into dental materials is to improve the biological properties of the material, such as biocompatibility [7]
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