Abstract
Three polyphenols were isolated and purified from sugar beet molasses by ultrasonic-aid extraction and various chromatographic techniques, and their structures were elucidated by spectral analysis. Cytotoxicity and the molecular mechanism were measured by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay, flow cytometry, caspase-3 activity assay and Western blot assay. The results showed that gallic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride and epicatechin have cytotoxicity to the human colon, hepatocellular and breast cancer cells. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride showed its cytotoxicity against various tumor cell lines, particularly against colon cancer Caco-2 cells with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 23.21 ± 0.14 μg/mL in vitro. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride may be a potential candidate for the treatment of colon cancer. In the mechanism study, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride increased the ratio of cell cycle at G0/G1 phase and reduced cyclin D1 expression on Caco-2 cells. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride decreased mutant p21 expression, and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and the activation of caspase-3 to induce apoptosis.
Highlights
Cancer is a world-wide concern that remains a major threat to people’s health, for which current therapeutic approaches are still very limited [1,2]
To evaluate cytotoxicity of Sugar beet molasses (SBM) extracts against tumor cell lines, the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used
The results indicated that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (CGC) showed the significantly higher cytotoxic effects than GA and EP
Summary
Cancer is a world-wide concern that remains a major threat to people’s health, for which current therapeutic approaches are still very limited [1,2]. Sugar beet molasses contain a high content of polyphenols [10,11,12]. Researchers have evaluated the antioxidant [10,13], anti-inflammatory [14] and DNA-damage-protecting [15] activities of sugar beet molasses, which showed positive results. It was found that ethyl acetate fraction, n-butanol fraction and aqueous fraction of SBM extract could inhibit the growth of human hepatocellular HepG2, breast MCF-7, and especially human colon Caco-2 carcinoma cells [6]. There has not been any report available on which polyphenols from SBM extract are the active components in the whole process. Little is known about the cytotoxicity of polyphenols on human colon cancer and their mechanism of action. The cytotoxicity effect of three polyphenols of SBM extract against three cancer cell lines was screened. We investigated the mechanisms of CGC that inhibited the cell proliferation including apoptosis and cell cycle arrreesstt
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